Orientation-controlled mesoporous PbI2 scaffold for 22.7% perovskite solar cells

Sequential deposition is a promising tactic for perovskite film fabrication. However, the highly crystalline and compact morphology of PbI2 will hinder quality reproducibility films. Here, nicotinamide (NTM) derivatives were introduced as simple effective multifunctional ligands into precursor solution. Orientation-controlled mesoporous scaffolds formed due to strong chemical interaction accelerated solvent volatilization. Nanobelt crystals also generated at grain boundaries films with NTM derivatives, which can passivate defects enhance carrier lifetime. As result, solar cells based on 6-(trifluoromethyl) nicotinamide-modulated showed an enhanced power conversion efficiency 22.7%, 98.8% was maintained even after 2000 h aging. Our findings offer distinctive understanding regulating crystallization manipulating excess structure efficient cells.